IJSP Number 5, 2023

62 allowing participants the time needed to gather their thoughts and express emotions and responses in cross-cultural supervision using their own words; (b) providing more in-depth data because such a format allows ample time for participants to reflect on their experiences subsequent to reading the open-ended questions; (c) helping identify supervision strategies in a natural context [17]; and (d) allowing participants to freely express thoughts, emotions, and experiences through a written process without being influenced by interviewers questions and predefined themes [18]. Guided by relevant conceptual models and available literature [4, 13, 15], the open-ended questions of this study focused on four broad domains: (a) supervisory relationship; (b) culture discussion in supervision; (c) supervisors’ cross-cultural competence; and (d) effective cross-cultural supervision strategies. 3. METHOD 3.1. PARTICIPANTS & PROCEDURES Upon approval from the university’s Institutional Review Board, we collected potential participants through professional networks, social media, listservs of professional organizations, and word of mouth. A brief description of the study, inclusionary criteria for participation, and a link to the survey were provided. The Qualtrics link included informed consent and open-ended questions relating to the four research domains (see Appendix A). The inclusionary criteria included (a) licensed psychologists in the United States, and (b) extensive experience (subjectively defined) of providing clinical supervision to international students/trainees. Eligible participants provided informed consent and completed open-ended questions in an online survey. A total of 13 respondents were surveyed, but three individuals did not fully complete the written materials and were excluded from data analyses. The final analyses involved 10 supervisors. The supervisors averaged 48 years in age (SD = 10.38) and 19.33 years of being a licensed psychologist (SD = 9.71; ranged from 6 to 33years); half of them were female (n = 5; 50%), with all being heterosexual, counseling psychologists with a Ph.D. degree. For complete demographic and professional information, see Table 1. Table 1. Demographic Information of Participants ID Ag e Gende r Ethnic - Racial identit y Sexual Orientation Countr y of Origin Language Years in Supervisio n Supervision Model/Approac h #1 43 Femal e Asian Heterosexu al Taiwan English, Chinese Mandarin 9 Developmental, Interpersonal #2 43 Femal e Asian Heterosexu al USA English 6 Developmental